Numbering Natural History Collections
Contents
Statement of Purpose
These links and documents contain information about numbering systems for natural history collections. This content was generated after several email threads on Nhcoll-l indicating it is a common question for institutions.
Contributors
Emily Braker and Genevieve Tocci
Introduction
Numbering systems provide a basic structure within natural history collections to aid in specimen finding, organization, documentation, inventory, and citation. While numbering systems vary widely by institution, their fundamental purpose remains the same: to assign a unique identifier to individual specimens or specimen lots. In the case of catalog numbers, a unique identifier allows a given specimen/lot to be distinguished from others that may share the same taxonomic name, collecting event, locality, or preparation type, and serves as the primary means by which a cataloged item is referenced. This is different from field number of collector numbers assigned by researchers that can also help distinguish an object, but would be the same for any duplicates across different institutions.
Catalog Numbers
Best Practices
Although many numbering systems exist across institutions, it is generally recommended that catalog numbers be unique, sequential, and avoid prefixes/suffixes when possible (see “Multiple numbers” thread, [Nhcoll-l], 2016) [1]. Such a system creates a “one-to-many” relationship between a voucher specimen and its derivative preparations, promoting their continued association over time. For example, a single catalog number “3222” applied to a study skin, skeleton, and muscle tissue obtained from the same mammal succinctly documents that all “parts” originated from one individual and that these items can be intuitively assembled despite their potentially separate storage locations and/or storage media. A single number series ensures that a unique identifier is applied to each specimen/lot, reducing opportunities for duplication errors and tracking issues.
Some institutions utilize a near-single number series by adding a prefix or suffix to a catalog number to indicate sub-parts for each cataloged item (e.g., 3222.1, 3222.2, 3222.3 corresponding to a plant and its two frozen tissue samples, or S-3222, OS-3222 for a skin and its associated skull). While it is clear that preparations sharing the same primary integer are related, this system creates needless redundancy and can become cumbersome when multiple derivatives exist. In a database environment, prefixed numbers are treated as unique alphanumeric strings and require extra steps to cross-reference and link separate parts or create parent/child records pertaining to the voucher specimen. However, a prefix is useful and sometimes necessary for systematic collections housed within the same department in order to distinguish overlapping numbers from multiple ledgers series (e.g., Mala-1234, Ent-1234, Herp-1234).
This is different conceptually from using barcodes as a way to identify materials (see Barcodes for more information). There is also not a consensus within the community on whether a lot or multi-part collection should be assigned a single catalog number or separate numbers. Some of this challenge relates to the difference in dealing with physical objects and digital records and how a system may link information as opposed to how to determine if things are part of the same material when dealing with physical objects.
Institution codes are considered integral to catalog numbers, and should always appear coupled with catalog numbers when referencing the specimen in citations, figures, publications, web content, and presentations (e.g., UCM 12341, MCZ 3439, AMNH 32076). Institution codes tend to be 3-4 characters in length. See the Global Registry of Biological Repositories (GRBio) [2] and Index Herbariorum for a list of institution codes worldwide.
Legacy Numbering Systems
Many museums have inherited a multiple number series system, which is typically an artifact of institutional reorganization, collections or tracking systems that have fallen obsolete, maintaining separate ledgers for different preparation types (e.g., study skins and corresponding osteological material, or wet vs. dry mollusks), and the creation of subsidiary collections at different points throughout time (e.g., tissues or teaching/educational specimens). Multiple number series rely on a “many-to-one” model, where parts belonging to the same specimen are assigned different catalog numbers based on the next-available number maintained in multiple ledgers (e.g., a bird skin that is prepared may be assigned “55,001” in the main catalog series, “23,342” for its partial skeleton in the osteology catalog series, and “5499” for muscle tissue in the cryogenic catalog). Additional effort is needed to document and retain the association as well as consultation of a ledger or database to relate all three parts. Under this system, unrelated specimens may share the same number (e.g., spread wing, skeleton, and tissue “5440” may represent 3 different species that do not share the same collecting event), which can result in increased duplication and administrative complexity.
Some institutions may wish to retire multiple numbering systems altogether, or select a specified point in the series after which all specimens will be cataloged under a unified system. Other attempts to rectify a complicated legacy system include recataloging specimens into a single number series. However, this option may be unfeasible for larger collections. More often, collections professionals rely on integrated data management systems to resolve varied numbering system issues. Databases can allow for parent-child records that document a voucher specimen and its associated preparations with sub-numbers or unrelated identifiers, and can cross-link associated records. Relational databases are ideal for resolving numbering issues as this format streamlines navigation between specimen records in contrast to a flattened data system.
There are recommendations in Darwin Core on fields to use for legacy numbers or other related numbers when trying to manage these numbers.
Lot-based Systems
Lots differ from individually cataloged objects in that a single number is applied to all specimens contained within a given lot. Lots may include mixed taxa or a single taxon, but all specimens comprising the lot share the same collecting event data. If lot “40,986” contains 12 fish and one is reidentified, elevated to a type specimen, or somehow distinguished from the remaining 11 specimens (via imaging, genetic sampling, etc.), it is necessary to differentiate this specimen from others in the lot so that the individual is findable. For imaged or genetically sampled specimens, this may involve simply marking the specimen in some way or adding information to the label. Types and redeterminations typically involve removal and recataloging of the specimen by assigning a unique number while retaining the original lot number “40,986” in the specimen record and on the label so that a permanent association is maintained with the specimens from the original collecting event unit. If possible, the new catalog number should be unique and avoid a prefix or suffix for reasons discussed above.
As new digital options become available there may be additional ways to track parts of lots that are removed and given new numbers, or not given new numbers but elevated to a different status. This can be especially challenging for mixed collections that are not qualified as lots (especially in botanical mixed collections). Currently there is not a consensus on how this is handled, especially for digital data.
Numbers for Unaccessioned Specimens
It is becoming more common for researchers to request catalog, barcode, or accession numbers for their work or a publication before the material has been officially deposited in the institution it is destined for. (See email "Catalogue number requests - paleontology" thread from Nhcoll-l.) While there are different approaches taken across paleontology, and other areas of natural history, generally the consensus is that the specimen/lot should be deposited, accessioned, and assigned a number and numbers should not be given to material still in the hands of the researcher.
GUIDs and UUIDs
In the era of digitization and data sharing, many institutions have have moved from locally unique identifiers to globally unique identifiers by adopting various numbering formats, such as Darwin Core Triplets (institutionCode:collectionCode:catalogNumber), GUIDs, or UUIDs when referring to digital specimen records. See the following resources below for further information.
Resources:
https://www.idigbio.org/sites/default/files/iDigBioGuidGuideForProviders_v1.pdf
https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/0/03/GUIDgeneration.pdf
Barcodes
Applying barcodes to specimens or locations, in a 1D, 2D, or QR format is becoming widespread across more collections. There are many approaches to this in their physical application as well as how they are managed digitally. See iDigBio for more information on this.
https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/index.php/Specimen_Barcode_and_Labeling_Guide
Accession Numbers
Accessioning is the formal process used to accept and record a specimen as a collection object within a museum. Accessions document the acquisition of the specimen(s) by sanctioned collecting permits or via transfer of title from a donor (individual or organization) and serve as a record of provenance and legal ownership for these objects.
Accession numbers should be unique and are assigned to a specimen or group of associated specimens as they are deposited in the museum. They generally follow two formats:
- Serially based on the next available number: e.g., 9637, 9638, 9639, 9640…
- A timestamped running number series: e.g., 2017.1, 2017.2, 2017.3, 2017.4…
Both systems are simple, though the obvious benefit to the timestamped series is a quick and easy accounting of how many accession transactions occurred within a given calendar year. Once formally accessioned, specimens are then assigned a catalog number and processed and curated as needed before being stored in the permanent collection.
Not all institutions currently assign individual accession numbers to each incoming specimen/lot but to large batches. This may not be considered a best practice and please also refer to Nagoya Protocol Information, relevant information at the Convention on Biodiversity website, and future wiki pages or additional resosurces.
Links
GRBio: http://grbio.org
nhcoll-l Multiple Numbers thread: http://mailman.yale.edu/pipermail/nhcoll-l/2016-March/009178.html
References
Malaro, M. C. (1998). A legal primer on managing museum collections. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press.
