Numbering Natural History Collections
Contents
Statement of Purpose
These links and documents contain information about numbering systems for natural history collections.
Introduction
Numbering systems provide a basic structure within natural history collections to aid in specimen finding, organization, documentation, inventory, and citation. While numbering systems vary widely by institution, their fundamental purpose remains the same: to assign a unique identifier to individual specimens or specimen lots. In the case of catalog numbers, a unique identifier allows a given specimen/lot to be distinguished from others that may share the same taxonomic name, collecting event, locality, or preparation type, and serves as the primary means by which a cataloged item is referenced.
Catalog Numbers: Best Practices
Although many numbering systems exist across institutions, it is generally recommended that catalog numbers be unique, sequential, and avoid prefixes/suffixes when possible (see “Multiple numbers” thread, [Nhcoll-l], 2016) [1]. Such a system creates a “one-to-many” relationship between a voucher specimen and its derivative preparations, promoting their continued association over time. For example, a single catalog number “3222” applied to a study skin, skeleton, and muscle tissue obtained from the same mammal succinctly documents that all “parts” originated from one individual and that these items can be intuitively assembled despite their potentially separate storage locations and/or storage media. A single number series ensures that a unique identifier is applied to each specimen/lot, reducing opportunities for duplication errors and tracking issues.
Some institutions utilize a near-single number series by adding a prefix or suffix to a catalog number to indicate sub-parts for each cataloged item (e.g., 3222.1, 3222.2, 3222.3 corresponding to a plant and its two frozen tissue samples, or S-3222, OS-3222 for a skin and its associated skull). While it is clear that preparations sharing the same primary integer are related, this system creates needless redundancy and can become cumbersome when multiple derivatives exist. In a database environment, prefixed numbers are treated as unique and require extra steps to cross-reference and link separate parts or create parent/child records pertaining to the voucher specimen. However, a prefix is useful and sometimes necessary for systematic collections housed within the same department in order to distinguish overlapping numbers from multiple ledgers series (e.g., Mala-1234, Ent-1234, Herp-1234).
Institution codes are considered integral to catalog numbers, and should always appear coupled with catalog numbers when referencing the specimen in citations, figures, publications, web content, and presentations. Institution codes tend to be 3-4 characters in length. See the Global Registry of Biological Repositories (GRBio) [2] for a list of institution codes worldwide.
Legacy Numbering Systems
Many museums have inherited a multiple number series system, which is typically an artifact of institutional reorganization, collections or tracking systems that have fallen obsolete, maintaining separate ledgers for different preparation types (e.g., study skins and corresponding osteological material, or wet vs. dry mollusks), and the creation of subsidiary collections at different points throughout time (e.g., tissues or teaching/educational specimens). Multiple number series rely on a “many-to-one” model, where parts belonging to the same specimen are assigned different catalog numbers based on the next-available number maintained in multiple ledgers (e.g., a bird skin that is prepared may be assigned “55,001” in the main catalog series, “23,342” for its partial skeleton in the osteology catalog series, and “5499” for its tissue in the cryogenic catalog). Additional effort is needed to document and retain the association as well as consultation of a ledger or database to relate all three parts. Under this system, unrelated specimens may share the same number (e.g., spread wing, skeleton, and tissue “5440” may represent 3 different species that do not share the same collecting event), which can result in increased duplication and administrative complexity.
Some institutions may wish to retire multiple numbering systems altogether, or select a specified point in the series after which all specimens will be cataloged under a unified system. Other attempts to rectify a complicated legacy system include recataloging specimens into a single number series. However, this option may be unfeasible for larger collections. More often, collections professionals rely on integrated data management systems to resolve varied numbering system issues. Databases can allow for parent-child records that document a voucher specimen and its associated preparations with sub-numbers or unrelated identifiers, and can cross-link associated records. Relational databases are ideal for resolving numbering issues as this format streamlines navigation between specimen records in contrast to a flattened data system.
Lot-based Systems
Lots differ from individually cataloged objects in that a single number is applied to all specimens contained within a given lot. Lots may include mixed taxa or a single taxon, but all specimens comprising the lot share the same collecting event data. If lot “40,986” contains 12 fish and one is reidentified, elevated to a type specimen, or somehow distinguished from the remaining 11 specimens (via imaging, genetic sampling, etc.), it is necessary to differentiate this specimen from others in the lot so that the individual is findable. For imaged or genetically sampled specimens, this may involve simply marking the specimen in some way or adding information to the label. Types and redeterminations typically involve removal and recataloging of the specimen by assigning a unique number while retaining the original lot number “40,986” in the specimen record and on the label so that a permanent association is maintained with the specimens from the original collecting event unit. If possible, the new catalog number should be unique and avoid a prefix or suffix for reasons discussed above.
